Investigadores de la Universidad de Bochum (Alemania) han desarrollado un sensor inmunoinfrarrojo que es capaz de identificar los signos de la enfermedad de Alzheimer en la sangre hasta 17 años antes de que aparezcan los primeros síntomas clínicos.
Según explican los autores en un artículo publicado en la revista científica ‘Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association’, este sensor detecta el mal plegamiento del biomarcador proteico beta-amiloide. A medida que la enfermedad avanza, este mal plegamiento provoca depósitos característicos en el cerebro, las llamadas placas.
«Nuestro objetivo es determinar el riesgo de desarrollar demencia de Alzheimer en una fase posterior con un simple análisis de sangre, incluso antes de que se formen las placas tóxicas en el cerebro, para garantizar que se pueda iniciar una terapia a tiempo», explica el líder del trabajo, el profesor Klaus Gerwert.
La enfermedad de Alzheimer tiene una evolución sin síntomas de 15 a 20 años antes de que aparezcan los primeros síntomas clínicos. Los investigadores analizaron el plasma sanguíneo de los participantes en un estudio en busca de posibles biomarcadores de Alzheimer.
Las muestras de sangre se tomaron entre 2000 y 2002 y se congelaron. En ese momento, los participantes en la prueba tenían entre 50 y 75 años y aún no se les había diagnosticado la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Para el estudio actual, se seleccionaron 68 participantes a los que se les había diagnosticado la enfermedad de Alzheimer durante los 17 años de seguimiento y se compararon con 240 sujetos de control sin ese diagnóstico. El equipo se propuso averiguar si en las muestras de sangre ya se podían encontrar signos de la enfermedad de Alzheimer al comienzo del estudio.
El sensor inmunoinfrarrojo fue capaz de identificar a los 68 sujetos de prueba que posteriormente desarrollaron la enfermedad de Alzheimer con un alto grado de precisión en la prueba. A modo de comparación, los investigadores examinaron otros biomarcadores con la tecnología complementaria y altamente sensible de SIMOA, concretamente el biomarcador P-tau181, que actualmente se propone como un prometedor candidato a biomarcador en diversos estudios.
«Sin embargo, a diferencia de la fase clínica, este marcador no es adecuado para la fase temprana sin síntomas de la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Sorprendentemente, descubrimos que la concentración de la proteína de la fibra glial (GFAP) puede indicar la enfermedad hasta 17 años antes de la fase clínica, aunque lo hace con mucha menos precisión que el sensor inmuno-infrarrojo», resume otro de los autores, Klaus Gerwert.
Aun así, al combinar el mal plegamiento de beta amiloide y la concentración de GFAP, los investigadores pudieron aumentar aún más la precisión de la prueba en la fase sin síntomas.
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